Patient Education

1. What is cancer?

Reply: Cancer is when some cells in the body start to grow and multiply uncontrollably. Instead of dying when they’re supposed to, these cells can form lumps called tumors and can spread to other parts of the body. It happens for various reasons, including genetics and lifestyle choices. Early detection and treatment can help manage it better.

2. What are the common symptoms of cancer?

Common symptoms of cancer can vary depending on the type and location, but some general signs to watch for include:

1. Unexplained Weight Loss: Losing weight without trying can be a red flag.

2. Fatigue: Extreme tiredness that doesn't go away with rest.

3. Pain: Persistent pain that doesn't have an obvious cause.

4. Changes in Skin: New moles or changes in existing ones, or yellowing, redness, or itchiness of the skin.

5. Changes in Bowel or Bladder Habits: Persistent changes in how often you go or the appearance of your stool.

6. Persistent Cough or Hoarseness: A cough that doesn’t go away or changes in your voice.

7. Difficulty Swallowing: Problems with swallowing that are new or worsening.

8. Unusual Bleeding or Discharge: Blood in urine, stool, or unusual vaginal bleeding

3. Is cancer preventable?

While not all cancers can be prevented, many can be reduced through certain lifestyle choices and preventive measures. Here are some key strategies:

• Healthy Diet: Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can help lower cancer risk.

• Regular Exercise: Staying physically active can help maintain a healthy weight, reducing the risk of several cancers.

• Avoid Tobacco: Not smoking or using tobacco products significantly decreases the risk of many cancers, including lung cancer.

• Limit Alcohol: Reducing alcohol intake can also lower the risk of certain types of cancer.

• Sun Protection: Protecting your skin from excessive sun exposure and using sunscreen can help prevent skin cancers.

• Vaccinations: Vaccines like the HPV vaccine can help prevent cancers related to the virus.

• Regular Screenings: Early detection through screenings can catch cancers at an earlier, more treatable stage.

• Healthy Weight: Maintaining a healthy weight can reduce the risk of several cancers

 

1. Which cancers have screening protocols?

Several types of cancer have established screening protocols to help detect them early. Here are some common ones:

• Breast Cancer: 

  • Mammograms are recommended for women, typically starting at age 40 or 50, depending on risk factors.

   

• Cervical Cancer:

  • Pap smears and HPV testing are recommended for women, starting at age 21, with guidelines varying based on age and health history.

   

• Colorectal Cancer:

  • Colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, or fecal tests (like FIT or Cologuard) are recommended for both men and women starting at age 45.

   

• Lung Cancer:

  • Low-dose CT scans are recommended for high-risk individuals, such as heavy smokers aged 50 to 80.

   

• Prostate Cancer:

  • Screening with a PSA test may be offered to men starting at age 50, or earlier for those at higher risk.

   

• Skin Cancer:

  • Regular skin exams by a dermatologist are recommended, especially for those with a higher risk of skin cancer.

   

2. Is any vaccine available for prevention of cancer?

      There are vaccines that can help prevent certain types of cancer:

1. HPV Vaccine: This vaccine protects against human papillomavirus (HPV), which can cause cervical cancer, as well as other types of cancer such as anal, throat, and some head and neck cancers. It's recommended for preteens, but can also be given to older teens and young adults.

2. Hepatitis B Vaccine: This vaccine helps protect against hepatitis B virus (HBV), which can lead to liver cancer. It's often given to infants and can also be administered to at-risk adults.

Visit the Department of Preventive Oncology (Monday through Friday) at NCI for further information.  

3. What are the main treatment modalities of cancer treatment?

Cancer treatment typically involves several main modalities, often used in combination. Here are the primary treatment options:

1. Surgery: This involves the removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue. It can be curative if the cancer is localized and hasn't spread.

2. Radiation Therapy: This treatment uses high-energy rays to kill or shrink cancer cells. It can be used alone or in combination with other treatments.

3. Chemotherapy: This involves the use of drugs to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells. It can be used before surgery (neoadjuvant therapy), after surgery (adjuvant therapy), or to treat advanced cancer.

4. Immunotherapy: This approach helps the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. It includes treatments like checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T cell therapy.

5. Targeted Therapy: These drugs target specific molecules involved in cancer cell growth and survival. They are often used for cancers with certain genetic mutations.

6. Hormone Therapy: This treatment blocks hormones that fuel certain cancers, such as breast and prostate cancers.

7. Stem Cell Transplant: This procedure can restore blood-forming cells after intensive chemotherapy or radiation, particularly for blood cancers like leukemia and lymphoma.

 

4. Is cancer genetic?

Cancer can have a genetic component, but it's not solely determined by genetics. Here’s a breakdown:

1. Inherited Genetic Mutations: Some people inherit mutations in specific genes that significantly increase their risk of developing certain cancers. Examples include BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, which are associated with a higher risk of breast and ovarian cancer.

2. Sporadic Mutations: Most cancers arise from mutations that occur during a person's lifetime, often due to environmental factors, lifestyle choices, or random cellular processes. These are not inherited but can still lead to cancer.

3. Family History: A family history of cancer may indicate a genetic predisposition, but not everyone in the family will necessarily develop cancer.

While genetics can play a role, it’s important to note that many factors, including lifestyle and environment, also contribute to cancer risk. Genetic testing can help identify individuals at higher risk, allowing for increased monitoring or preventive measures.

5. Does alternative treatment work for cancer treatment?

Alternative treatments for cancer are often used alongside conventional therapies, but their effectiveness can vary. Here’s an overview:

1. Complementary vs. Alternative:

   • Complementary therapies are used alongside standard treatments to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life (e.g., acupuncture, meditation, and nutritional support).

   • Alternative therapies are those used instead of conventional treatments. These may include herbal remedies, special diets, or other non-standard approaches.

2. Limited Evidence: Many alternative treatments lack robust scientific evidence to support their effectiveness in treating cancer. While some may help with symptom relief, they often don’t replace the need for proven therapies.

3. Risks: Some alternative treatments can interfere with standard cancer treatments or cause harmful side effects. It’s essential to consult with a healthcare provider before trying any alternative therapies.

4. Holistic Approach: Many patients find value in combining conventional treatments with complementary therapies to address emotional, mental, and physical well-being.

Overall, it's crucial to approach cancer treatment with a well-informed and collaborative strategy, incorporating evidence-based practices while considering individual preferences. Always consult with a healthcare professional before making treatment decisions.

6. Is long delay in treatment detrimental for cancer patients outcome?

A long delay in treatment can be detrimental to cancer patients' outcomes for several reasons:

1. Tumor Growth: Cancer can progress over time, potentially leading to larger tumors or spread (metastasis) to other parts of the body. Early-stage cancers are often more treatable and have better outcomes.

2. Treatment Options: Delaying treatment may reduce the range of available treatment options. Some therapies are more effective at certain stages, and advanced disease may limit choices.

3. Overall Health: Prolonged delays can affect a patient's overall health and well-being, potentially complicating treatment and recovery.

4. Psychological Impact: Waiting for treatment can increase anxiety and stress, which can affect a patient’s mental health and willingness to engage in treatment.

5. Survival Rates: Studies have shown that timely treatment is often linked to better survival rates and improved quality of life.

If there are concerns about delays in treatment, it's important for patients to communicate openly with their healthcare team to explore all options and strategies for timely intervention.

 

7. What are the treatment facilities available at NCI Jhajjar?

The National Cancer Institute (NCI) in Jhajjar, India, offers a range of comprehensive cancer treatment facilities, including:

1. Outpatient Services: Assessment and consultations with oncologists for various types of cancers. Patients are seen in DMG mode which is a single-window consultation with doctors from multiple relevant departments.

2. Inpatient Services: Hospitalization for patients requiring more intensive treatment and monitoring.

3. Diagnostic Services: Comprehensive diagnostic facilities, including imaging (CT, MRI, PET scans) and pathology services.

4. ICU service:The National Cancer Institute (NCI) in Jhajjar provides Intensive Care Unit (ICU) services as part of its comprehensive care for cancer patients.

5. Surgery: Surgical oncology services for the removal of tumors and affected tissues.

6. Radiation Therapy: Advanced radiation techniques, including intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT), Arc therapy, various brachytherapy are available at NCI Jhajjar.

7. Chemotherapy: Administration of systemic therapies, including chemotherapy and targeted therapies are done both at Day care and IPD.

8. Immunotherapy: Access to newer treatment options that utilize the body’s immune system to fight cancer.

9. Palliative Care: Support for pain management and quality of life for patients with advanced cancer.

10. Research and Clinical Trials: Opportunities for patients to participate in clinical trials and access cutting-edge treatments.

11. Support Services: Psychological counseling, nutrition support, and rehabilitation services.